SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Modlin Fortress</title>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modlin Fortress</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Modlin Fortress</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label"><a href="Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r_Mazowiecki" title="Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki">Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki</a>, Poland </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">One of the bridgeheads on the other side of the <a href="Narew" title="Narew">Narew</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a> <a href="Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Controlled by</th><td class="infobox-data">France, Imperial Russia, Poland</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">1806–1812</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In use</th><td class="infobox-data">1812–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a>, <a href="Battle_of_Modlin" title="Battle of Modlin">Battle of Modlin</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Modlin Fortress</b> (<a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Twierdza Modlin</i>) is one of the largest 19th-century <a href="Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortresses</a> in <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. It is located in the town of <a href="Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r_Mazowiecki" title="Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki">Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki</a> in district <a href="Modlin_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modlin (village)">Modlin</a> on the <a href="Narew" title="Narew">Narew</a> river, approximately 50 kilometers north of <a href="Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. It was originally constructed by the <a href="France" title="France">French</a> from 1806 to 1812.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The strategic importance of the area limited by the <a href="Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>, <a href="Bug_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug River">Bug</a>, <a href="Wkra" title="Wkra">Wkra</a> and Narew was known to various armies throughout the ages. The first fortified stronghold was built in Zakroczym by the <a href="Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first modern fortifications in the area of today's citadel were built by the forces of the Polish Masovian troops, which established a camp here in September 1655 to defend against the Swedish invasion. These were fortified artillery positions defending the crossings over the Vistula and Bugonarew, and a moat protecting the camp from the east.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Battle of Nowy Dwór, Polish forces blocked the crossing of Swedish troops for ten days, then, forced to retreat by Swedish artillery fire, they broke away from the enemy, using the fortifications and terrain obstacles, avoiding destruction.

</p><p>Next modern fortified position was built there in 1656 by the Swedish armies during <a href="The_Deluge_(Polish_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Deluge (Polish history)">The Deluge</a>. The so-called <i>Bugskansen</i> was a star-shaped fortified military camp, located probably close to the confluence of the Narew and the Vistula, at the so-called <i>Swedish Island</i><sup class=" nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Island"><a class="external autonumber external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modlin_Fortress#endnote_Island">[1]</a></sup>. The camp was also guarding a wooden bridge over the Vistula prior to the battle of Zakroczym and served as the main supply depot of the Swedish army during the <a href="Battle_of_Warsaw_(1656)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1656)">battle of Warsaw</a> of July 1656. After the Swedish defeat the fort was demolished in 1660 and the area remained unfortified for roughly 150 years.

</p><p>After the <a href="Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> the area was incorporated into the <a href="Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Shortly afterward <a href="Jan_Pieter_van_Suchtelen" title="Jan Pieter van Suchtelen">Jan Pieter van Suchtelen</a>, a Dutch military engineer in Russian service prepared a construction plan for a mighty fortress in the area, named after the nearby town of <a href="Zakroczym" title="Zakroczym">Zakroczym</a>. The fort was to be a <a href="Bastion" title="Bastion">bastion</a> fortress, located approximately 1.5 km from the rivers and with several forts guarding the area from the west. However, the project was never accomplished as in 1806 the area became part of the <a href="Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>, a rump Polish state created by and allied to <a href="Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>.

</p><p>From the very beginning of French presence in Poland, Bonaparte's engineers started to fortify the border with Russia, expecting either a Russian offensive towards western Europe – or a future offensive of the French armies towards Petersburg and Moscow. In December 1806, while in <a href="Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, Napoleon ordered a fort to be built on two islands located at the confluence of the Narew and the Vistula. The fortification was to be temporary and was to become primarily a supply depot and a huge granary, serving as a supply centre for the forces operating in Poland or Russia. The construction started almost immediately, although Chief Engineer of the French forces Gen. <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_marquis_de_Chasseloup-Laubat" class="mw-redirect" title="François, marquis de Chasseloup-Laubat">François de Chasseloup-Laubat</a> decided to build the fortress on the northern bank of the river rather than on the islands. The work started in early 1807, yet went on very slowly. It was not until the following year that the pace was speeded up and in 1809 the first casemates and walls were ready. It was there that the core of the Polish Army was stationed after the <a href="Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Battle of Raszyn</a> against the invading forces of <a href="Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>. Soon after the outer rim of defences on the right bank of the Vistula was ready. It ran more or less along the inner line of modern fortifications. It consisted of a semi-circular earthwork reinforced with wooden stockade and five bastions. In addition, the area was guarded by two fortified <a href="Bridgehead" title="Bridgehead">bridgeheads</a>, one in Kazuń on the left bank of the Vistula and the other next to Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki.

</p>

<p>In 1810 the very concept of the fort was changed and Napoleon decided to turn Modlin into a pivotal fortress in his line of fortifications and expand it significantly by adding an outer rim of defenses. General de Chasseloup-Laubat was replaced with a famous French engineer Jean Mallet de Granville (later a naturalized Pole under the name of <i>Jan Malletski</i>), aided by Gen. François Haxo. It is not certain whether the authors of the expansion were the two to supervise its construction, or Napoleon himself. The works continued on a very fast pace as Napoleon was planning his <a href="Napoleon's_Invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon's Invasion of Russia">campaign in Russia</a> and envisioned Modlin to become the main fortress behind his lines. By September 1811 more than 19,000 people were taking part in the works. Because of that the authorities of the Duchy of Warsaw were considering to grant Modlin with a city charter, which however did not succeed. Although the following year, shortly before the outbreak of the Franco-Russian War, the number of workers exceeded 20 thousands, the fortress was never fully completed.

</p><p>The French plans included a fortified area composed of three, semi-independent fortifications. The main line of defences was located on the right bank of Vistula and Narew, and was composed of a <a href="Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">polygonal fortification</a> with 4 bastions and 3 linking <a href="Ravelin" title="Ravelin">ravelins</a> (one facing the <a href="Utrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrata">Utrata</a> river, one facing the village of Modlin and one in the centre). The ravelins were between 800 and 1000 meters away from the main line of fortifications, in order to reinforce the defenses against new models of heavy artillery. The second part of the fortress was the Kazuń bridgehead on the left bank of the Vistula, composed of a single ravelin. The third was a <a href="Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubt</a> located between Vistula and Narew and the fourth was an artillery nest located on the <i>Swedish Island</i>. Among the engineers to supervise the construction were also Gen. <a href="Ignacy_Pr%C4%85dzy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Prądzyński">Ignacy Prądzyński</a>, Gen. Prevo-Vernois and Lt. Col. Filip Mięciszewski. After the defeat of the <a href="Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> at Moscow, the fortress was taken over by the forces of the Duchy of Warsaw. On 5 February 1813 the Russian army of 36,000 soldiers arrived to the fortress and laid siege to it. The Polish forces under Dutch general <a href="Herman_Willem_Daendels" title="Herman Willem Daendels">Herman Willem Daendels</a> defended the fortress until 1 December 1813. It was the last of the French fortresses along the Vistula to capitulate.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fortress_in_Congress_Poland">Fortress in Congress Poland</h2></div>

<p>After 1815 the fortress found itself in <a href="Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, a state which was a part of the Russian Empire, but had considerable autonomy and an army of its own. It was weakly manned by Polish and Russian units, and little new construction work was carried out. During the <a href="November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> of 1830 the fortress was prepared for defense by Polish units, but the Russian army did not storm it. It surrendered on 9 October 1831 as one of the last points controlled by Polish units during the uprising.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_Fortress_Novogeorgievsk">Russian Fortress Novogeorgievsk</h2></div>

<p>After the November Uprising of 1830 the Russian rule over Congress Poland became more severe. The Modlin fortress was renamed <i>Novogeorgievsk</i> in 1834<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during the years 1832–1841 underwent a huge expansion, to host garrison troops who were tasked with preventing another Polish uprising, as well as defend Russia's western frontiers. It was part of the chain of fortresses which included Warsaw, <a href="D%C4%99blin" title="Dęblin">Ivangorod</a>, and <a href="Brest_Fortress" title="Brest Fortress">Brest-Litovsk</a>. The most notable new work built was a fortified barracks building 2,200 m in length, which was to serve as the last line of defense for the fortress. After 1841 construction work largely ceased, and over the next 40 years the fortress gradually became obsolete. However, in 1844 the large granary building was built at the estuary of the <a href="Narew_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Narew River">Narew River</a>. Polish architect Jan Jakub Gay designed the granary not only for storing food, but also as a defensible position at the bridgehead of the rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When relations between Germany and Russia deteriorated in the 1880s, with Germany entering the <a href="Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> potentially aimed against Russia, the decision was made to expand the fortress and upgrade it to modern standards. In the years 1883–1888 eight modern forts were added, roughly forming a ring with 2 to 4 km distance from the central fortress. In the following years these forts were modernized. At the same time, additional defensive works were built to integrate the fortress into the larger fortified region around Warsaw.

</p><p>The defeat of Russia in the <a href="Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> caused a rethinking of Russian strategy. In particular the idea of concentrating forces in the interior away from the borders before hostilities began to gain popularity. This approach would eliminate the need for a chain of border fortresses to screen the mobilizing units.

</p><p>In 1909 when General <a href="Vladimir_Sukhomlinov" title="Vladimir Sukhomlinov">Vladimir Sukhomlinov</a> became the War Minister for the Russian Empire, one proposal he made was to scrap the bulk of the Russian fortress system, and Novogeorgievsk was a prime example of why they should be scrapped: The outer forts were initially built at a distance of about eight kilometers from the citadel to protect it from attacking artillery; by 1900, even field guns could fire past that distance.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sukhomlinov was overruled. Instead of being razed, the fort system was slated for an 800 million ruble upgrade<sup id="cite_ref-Stone-31_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-31-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a new belt of forts to be added.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone-31_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-31-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fortress was also to receive a large number of heavy artillery pieces. The intensive new construction work started in 1912 and continued almost until the German army approached the fortress in 1915 during <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The fortress was now designed to serve as a center of resistance deep behind enemy lines if the Russian army were forced to retreat from Poland. The works were carried out in great haste, not all equipment was fitted, and some construction materials were improvised and hence of lower quality. Even with these defects, the fortress with its nineteen forts was one of the strongest fortifications in Europe at the outbreak of World War I. The Russian high command expected that if surrounded by the German armies it would hold out for many months, serving as a major thorn in the German rear.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capture_by_the_Germans">Capture by the Germans</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Poland_in_WWI" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland in WWI">Poland in WWI</a></div>

<p>In the summer of 1915, the Russians were reeling from the German attacks in Poland. They were faced with the reality of giving up Poland to the Germans or have their forces cut off from retreat.

</p><p>The problem of the <a href="Great_Retreat_(Russian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Retreat (Russian)">retreat</a> was the abandonment of the fortresses especially Novogeorgievsk. Novogeorgievsk was seen as the "symbol of Russian rule in Poland."<sup id="cite_ref-Stone-181_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-181-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would also mean the abandonment of Poland, which would compromise their ability to negotiate for more territory if the Allies won.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone-174_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-174-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Mikhail_Alekseyev" title="Mikhail Alekseyev">Mikhail Alekseyev</a>, the commander of the Polish sector, knew that to garrison the forts was a trap and the impregnability was an illusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone-174_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-174-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was swayed by men of a higher social standing and left a garrison to defend Novogeorgievsk. The troops that he was able to spare were the remnants of the II. Siberian division, the 63rd division, and 58th division.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone-181_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-181-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To capture Novogeorgievsk, the Germans transferred General <a href="Hans_Hartwig_von_Beseler" title="Hans Hartwig von Beseler">Hans Beseler</a> who had successfully laid <a href="Siege_of_Antwerp_(1914)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1914)">siege to the Belgian city of Antwerp</a> early in the war. In a stroke of luck, his forces captured the chief engineer of Novogeorgievsk on the first day. The <a href="Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a> lasted only a matter of days.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokesbury_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokesbury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it fell, the Germans captured 1,600 guns and close to a million shells.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone-182_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-182-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post_World_War_I">Post World War I</h2></div>

<p>After the First World War Modlin became part of the <a href="Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> and was modernized with modern <a href="Bunker" title="Bunker">bunkers</a>, <a href="Anti-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank">anti-tank</a> and <a href="Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a> equipment. Its main purpose was to provide cover for Warsaw from enemy attacks from the North. The fortress also housed several military barracks and military colleges for <a href="Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">NCOs</a>, including the Engineers Training Centre and the Armored Forces Officer Cadet School.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Modlin fortress was the place of the <a href="Battle_of_Modlin" title="Battle of Modlin">Battle of Modlin</a> during the German <a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939. General <a href="Wiktor_Thomm%C3%A9e" title="Wiktor Thommée">Wiktor Thommée</a> ensconced the Army of Łódź in the fortress after failing to fight his way back to Warsaw, and his was one of the last Polish military units to capitulate.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_day">Present day</h2></div>

<p>Some parts of the fortress are open to tourists. At the same time, the Polish military still has many facilities in the area and thus some redoubts are inaccessible. Some abandoned redoubts are not maintained and have deteriorated badly, with many metal elements having been pillaged for scrap.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Modlin_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Modlin Airport">Modlin airfield</a> is located within the fortress area. It re-opened as the second civilian airport for the city of Warsaw in July 2012. In 2013 the Modlin Fortress was sold to private investors after being on the market for five years, but some key features such as the Tatar Tower and the White Tower must be preserved for the visiting public.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Island"><b><a href="#ref_Island">^</a></b></span> A misnomer as the <i>Wyspa Szwedzka</i> is in fact a peninsula.</li></ol>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Modlin" title="Battle of Modlin">Battle of Modlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Modlin_(Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r_Mazowiecki)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modlin (Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki)">Modlin (Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki)</a></li>

<li><a href="Warsaw_Citadel" title="Warsaw Citadel">Warsaw Citadel</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Grodziska Mazowsza i Podlasia (W Granicach Dawnego Województwa Warszawskiego)</i>. Warsaw: Gajewski L. 1976. p. 169.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dahlberg E., <i>Vera Delineatio Castrorum Suecicorum prope Nowodwor,</i> Puffendorf S., <i>De rebus a Carolo Gustavo…,</i> Norymberga 1696, p. 20</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Novogeorgievsk"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Novogeorgievsk">"Novogeorgievsk" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 841; see line 4. <q>A first-class fortress of Russian Poland (called Modlin till 1831)</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twierdzamodlin.pl/twierdza-modlin/najciekawsze-budowle/#spichlerz-zbozowy">"Najciekawsze budowle militarne w Twierdzy Modlin"</a>. <i>Twierdza Modlin</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Stone-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stone_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone1998">Stone 1998</a>, p. 30</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Stone-31-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone-31_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone-31_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone1998">Stone 1998</a>, p. 31</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Stone-181-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone-181_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone-181_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone1998">Stone 1998</a>, p. 181</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Stone-174-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone-174_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone-174_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone1998">Stone 1998</a>, p. 174</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Stokesbury-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stokesbury_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStokesbury2002">Stokesbury 2002</a>, p. 133</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Stone-182-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stone-182_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone1998">Stone 1998</a>, p. 182</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Newsweek-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWołoszański,_Bogusław2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wołoszański, Bogusław (13 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913023709/http://polska.newsweek.pl/krotka-historia-twierdzy-modlin,107473,1,1.html">"Krótka historia Twierdzy Modlin"</a> [A Brief History of the Modlin Fortress]. <i>Newsweek</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polska.newsweek.pl/krotka-historia-twierdzy-modlin,107473,1,1.html">the original</a> on 13 September 2013.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909010503/http://biznes.newsweek.pl/twierdza-modlin-zostala-sprzedana,107437,1,1.html">"Twierdza Modlin została sprzedana"</a> [Modlin Fortress was sold]. <i>Newsweek</i> (in Polish). 12 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biznes.newsweek.pl/twierdza-modlin-zostala-sprzedana,107437,1,1.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2013.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ol><li><cite id="CITEREFPaaskoski,_J.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Paaskoski, J. (1998). "A Dutch Fortification Officer, Count Jan Pieter van Suchtelen in the Russian Service in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries". <i>Baltic Studies, Groningen</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">136–</span>154.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLankhorst,_Otto_S.1998" class="citation web cs1">Lankhorst, Otto S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_jaa003199801_01/_jaa003199801_01_0003.htm#028">"Jan Pieter van Suchtelen (1751–1836) verzamelaar van boeken en handschriften"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(http)</span>. <i>Jaarboek van de Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde, 1998</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWojciechowski,_Mariusz2000" class="citation web cs1">Wojciechowski, Mariusz (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mars.slupsk.pl/fort/tmostart.htm">"Twierdza Modlin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(http)</span>. <i>Fortyfikacje poligonalne XIX wieku</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZalesskiy,_Konstantin_Aleksandrovič2003" class="citation book cs1">Zalesskiy, Konstantin Aleksandrovič (2003). <i>Napoleonovskie vojny 1799–1815; Biograficheskiy enciklopedicheskiy slovar</i>. Moscow: AST. p. 828. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>5-17-016115-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStone1998" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Norman (1998). <i>The Eastern Front 1914–1917</i>. London: Penguin Books.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStokesbury2002" class="citation book cs1">Stokesbury, James L. (2002). <i>A Short History of World War I</i>. New York: Perennial.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDeyo2016" class="citation book cs1">Deyo, Daniel C. (2016). <i>Legions of the East: A Compendium of the Russian Army in the First World War</i>. Great Falls, VA: Counterintelligence Consulting LLC.</cite></li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Modlin_Fortress" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Modlin Fortress">Modlin Fortress</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mars.slupsk.pl/fort/tmostart.htm">About fortress Modlin, with maps and plans (in Polish)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201139/http://www.dws.xip.pl/WojnaObronna/images/porty/5aa.jpg">Pre-WWII aerial photograph of the complex</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47796#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata758" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47796#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata758" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/294722575">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4290850-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2012078758">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987012832576305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/181870053">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:52.43833333333333,20.681944444444447"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°26′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">20°40′55″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.43833°N 20.68194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.43833; 20.68194</span></span></span></a></span></span>

</p></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-08" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Modlin_Fortress&oldid=1299382457">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>